Tetanus

Where it occurs

It can occur anywhere but is much more prevalent in under-developed countries

Infection

It is caused when a skin wound is contaminated by a bacteria called clostridium tetani which is usually found in soil and animal manure though it can also exist on dirty nails or injection needles (e.g. for drug use or tattoos). The bacteria releases a poison which attacks the nervous system, first near the wound itself then spreading through the body via the blood and lymph systems.

Symptoms

Tetanus often begins with muscle spasms in the jaw (called lockjaw) which make swallowing difficult, accompanied by tiredness or weakness, stiffness in the muscles of the upper body and thighs (sufferers may find their neck and back arching uncontrollably), inability to pass urine, sweating and increased pulse rate.

Treatment

Fortunately, with prompt treatment, most patients make a full recovery. Medical help should therefore be sought urgently and hospitalisation will normally be required. The wound should be carefully cleaned; the patient may need to be sedated and/or given muscle-relaxant drugs or placed on artificial ventilation.